Acceleration

Pavel Romanovich Popovich

(October 5, 1930 – September 29, 2009) was a Soviet cosmonaut.

He was the 4th cosmonaut in space, the 6th person in orbit, and the 8th person in space

He was born in Uzyn, Kiev Oblast of Soviet Union (now Ukraine) to Roman Porfirievich Popovich (a fireman in a sugar factory) and Theodosia Kasyanovna Semyonov.He had two sisters (one older, one younger) and two brothers (both younger).In 1947, he left vocational school in Bila Tserkva with qualifications as a carpenter.In 1951, Popovich graduated as a construction engineer from a technical school in Magnitogorsk,as well as receiving a pilot's degree.In 1960, he was selected as one of the first group of twenty air force pilots that would train as the first cosmonauts for the Soviet space program.The training took place between March 1960 and January 1961, and Popovich passed his final exams in Cosmonaut Basic Training on 17/18 January 1961.He was appointed as an astronaut on 25 January 1961.He was considered as a strong candidate for the first spaceflight – but while Yuri Gagarin was ultimately chosen for the Vostok 1 flight, Popovich served as the flight's capcom.From May to August 1961, he trained to fly on spacecraft "Vostok-2" in a group of astronauts, followed (between September and November 1961) with training to fly "Vostok-3". This flight was cancelled. Between November 1961 and May 1962, he trained as a pilot for "Vostok-4". Between June and August of that year, he received further training in the maintenance of this spacecraft.He commanded the space flight Vostok 4 (Russian: Восток-4) in 1962 which, along with Andrian Nikolayev on Vostok 3, was the first time that more than one manned spacecraft were in orbit at the same time. His call sign for this flight was Golden eagle

Ilan Ramon

First Israeli in space .

(Born :June 20, 1954 – February 1, 2003 ) was an Israeli fighter pilot in the Israeli Air Force, and later the first Israeli astronaut.

Ramon was the space shuttle payload specialist of STS-107, the fatal mission of Columbia, in which he and six other crew members were killed in the re-entry accident. At 48, he was the oldest member of the crew. Ramon is the only foreign recipient of the United States Congressional Space Medal of Honor, which he was awarded posthumously.

Ramon graduated from high school in 1972. In 1987, he graduated with a B.Sc. degree in electronics and computer engineering from Tel Aviv University.Ramon was born in Ramat Gan, Israel, to Tonya (1929–2003) and Eliezer Wolferman (1923–2006). He grew up in Beersheba. His father was from Germany, and his family fled Nazi persecution in 1935 ( As we know Hitler killed many Naze people ) . His mother and grandmother were from Poland, and were Holocaust survivors, having been in Auschwitz. They immigrated to Israel in 1949

Ilan Ramon was a Colonel (Aluf Mishne) and a fighter pilot in the Israeli Air Force, with thousands of hours of flying experience. In 1974, he graduated as a fighter pilot from the Israel Air Force (IAF) Flight School. From 1974–76 he participated in A-4 Basic Training and Operations. 1976–80 was spent in Mirage III-C training and operations. In 1980, as one of the IAF's establishment team of the first F-16 Squadron in Israel, he attended the F-16 Training Course at Hill Air Force Base, Utah. From 1981–83, he served as the Deputy Squadron Commander B, F-16 Squadron .

In 1997, Ramon was selected as a Payload Specialist. He was designated to train as prime for a space shuttle mission with a payload that included a multispectral camera for recording desert aerosol (dust). In July 1998, he reported for training at the Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, where he trained until 2003. He flew aboard STS-107, logging 15 days, 22 hours and 20 minutes in space

Marcos Cesar Pontes

First Brazillian in space .

( born March 11, 1963) is a Brazilian Air Force pilot and AEB astronaut. He became the first Brazilian and the first Lusophone to go into space when he launched into the International Space Station aboard Soyuz TMA-8 on March 30, 2006. He is the only Brazilian to have completed the NASA astronaut training program, although he switched to training in Russia after NASA's Space Shuttle program encountered problems. He was married and had two children.

Pontes is one of the most experienced jet pilots in the Brazilian Air Force (FAB), where he holds the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and has flown for more than 2000 hours in 25 different aircraft. In June 1998, he was selected by the Brazilian Space Agency to train in the NASA space program after he acquired a space-related background in the Aeronatical Engineering division of the Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (the Aeronautics Technological Institute, or "ITA"),

On September 2, 2005, an agreement which cost about US$20 million between the governments of Brazil and Russia provided for Pontes to train at Star City, near Moscow, to learn about the Soyuz's operational and life-support systems, and to fly to the International Space Station in March 2006. The agreement was signed by the presidents of the Brazilian and Russian space agencies, Sérgio Gaudenzi and Anatoli Perminov, respectively.

Pontes' flight coincided with celebrations of the 100th anniversary of Brazilian aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont's successful flight of an fixed-wing airplane in Paris in October 1906.

On March 30,

Dumitru-Dorin Prunariu

First Romanian in space.

( Born September 27, 1952) is a retired Romanian cosmonaut who flew aboard Soyuz 40.Born on September 27, 1952 in Braşov, Romania, Prunariu graduated from the Physics and Mathematics high school in Braşov in 1971 and from the University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest in 1976, obtaining a degree in Aerospace Engineering.

Prunariu worked as a Diploma Engineer at "Industria Aeronautică Română IAR- Braşov", an aircraft industry facility, prior to enrolling in the Romanian Air Force Officers Training School in 1977

He was selected for spaceflight training in 1978 as a part of the Intercosmos Program. Obtaining the maximum marks during three years of preparation he was selected for a joint space flight with the Russian cosmonaut Leonid Popov. In May 1981 they completed an eight-day space mission on board Soyuz 40 and the Salyut 6 space laboratory where they completed scientific experiments in the fields of astrophysics, space radiation, space technology, space medicine and biology. Prunariu became the 103rd human being to fly into the Outer Space.

In 1981, after completing the flight, he received the awards of Hero of the Socialist Republic of Romania and Hero of the Soviet Union (22 May 1981) and the medal "Golden Star". He was also awarded the Order of Lenin .Prunariu is a member of the International Academy of Astronautics (1992 - corresponding member, 2008 - full member) and a member of the Romanian National COSPAR Committee (1994). In 1984 he was awarded the "Hermann Oberth Gold Medal" by the German Rocket Society "Hermann Oberth - Wernher von Braun". In 1985 he joined the Association of Space Explorers (ASE), which currently (2012) comprises over 350 flown individuals from 35 countries. From 1993 until 2004 he was the permanent representative of the Association of Space Explorers at the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) sessions. Since 1996 Prunariu has been a member of the Executive Committee of ASE for two terms of three years. Since 1992 he has represented the Government of Romania to the UN COPUOS sessions.

Acceleration

Acceleration, in physics, is the rate at which the velocity of an object changes over time. An object's acceleration is the net result of any and all forces acting on the object, as described by Newton's Second Law
the change in velocity per unit of time; it is a vector quantity and must have a direction; symbol is a;
SI unit is m/s/s or m/s2.
Since velocity is a vector quantity involving speed and direction, acceleration occurs when the speed of an
object changes, and/or the direction of the object changes.
The definition of acceleration can be expressed mathematically as,
where vf is the final velocity and vi is the initial velocity. The change in time is usually expressed as
simply t because you assume that the initial time was zero.

About acceleration :

Acceleration, in physics, is the rate at which the velocity of an object changes over time. An object's acceleration is the net result of any and all forces acting on the object, as described by Newton's Second Law. The SI unit for acceleration is the metre per second squared (m/s2). Accelerations are vector quantities (they have magnitude and direction) and add according to the parallelogram law. As a vector, the calculated net force is equal to the product of the object's mass (a scalar quantity) and the acceleration.

For example, when a car starts from a standstill (zero relative velocity) and travels in a straight line at increasing speeds, it is accelerating in the direction of travel. If the car changes direction there is an acceleration toward the new direction. When accelerating forward, passengers in the car experience a force pushing them back into their seats. They experience sideways forces when changing direction. If the speed of the car decreases, this is acceleration in the opposite direction, sometimes called deceleration. Mathematically, there is no separate formula for deceleration, as both are changes in velocity

Acceleration is a vector which measures the change in the velocity of an object.
Don’t forget that velocity is a vector, so it has magnitude and direction.
This means acceleration could be any of the following three…
1. a change in speed, the magnitude of the velocity (from 34 km/h to 67 km/h)
2. a change in direction (from East to North-East)
3. a change in both speed and direction (from 34 km/h East to 12 km/h West).

Acceleration is a measure of the rate at which velocity changes.
Since velocity is a measure of the rate of change in displacement and had the equation…
v=dt
the equation for acceleration should be similar, since it is a rate of change in velocity...
a= vt
a = acceleration (m/s/s or just m/s2)
v = change in velocity (m/s)
t = time interval (s)

For day to day use this formula is usually expanded to show that the change in velocity means
final minus initial.
a=v f -vit