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SPACE HERO'S

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Pedro Duque Duque 

First Spanish in space .

( Born 14 March 1963) is a Spanish astronaut and a veteran of two space missions.Duque earned a degree in Aeronautical Engineering from the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) in 1986. He worked for GMV and for the European Space Agency (ESA) for six years before being selected as an astronaut candidate in 1992. Duque underwent training in both Russia and the United States. His first spaceflight was as a mission specialist aboard space shuttle mission STS-95, during which Duque supervised ESA experimental modules. In October 2003, Duque visited the International Space Station for several days during a crew changeover. The scientific program of this visit was called by ESA/Spain Misión Cervantes.

He worked at the UPM, in the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Aeronáuticos,[1] he used to work at Deimos Imaging. Currently he is back as an astronaut of ESA, and leads the Flight Operations Office near Munich.

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Muhammed Ahmed Faris
First  Syrian and secound Arabic in space .

(Arabic: محمد أحمد فارس‎; born 26 May 1951) is a Syrian military aviator. He was the first Syrian and the second Arab in space.

Born in Aleppo, Syria, he was a pilot in the Syrian Air Force with the rank of a colonel. He specialized in navigation when he was selected to participate in the Intercosmos spaceflight program on 30 September 1985.

He flew as Research Cosmonaut in the Interkosmos program on Soyuz TM-3 to the Mir space station in July 1987, spending 7 days 23 hours and 5 minutes in space. He returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-2.

Muhammed Faris was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on 30 July 1987. He was also awarded the Order of Lenin.[2]

After his spaceflight, he returned to the Syrian Air Force and lived in Aleppo. He is married and has three children.

On 4 August 2012, during the Syrian civil war, he defected from Assad's government and joined the armed opposition.[3][4]

On 13 September 2012, made an exclusive interview with Al Aan TV and covered many topics regarding the Syrian civil war

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Bertalan Farkas

First Hungarian  and  first sperantist in space .(Born August 2, 1949) . He is currently the president of Airlines Service and Trade. With Charles Simonyi's travel, Farkas is no longer the only Hungarian who has been to space (he is still the only astronaut, as Simonyi flew as a space tourist

Born in Gyulaháza, he graduated from the George Kilián Aeronautical College in Szolnok in 1969. He then attended the Krasnodar Military Aviation Institute in the Soviet Union, from where he graduated in 1972.

After earning his qualifications at University, Farkas joined the Hungarian Air Force and rose to the rank of Brigadier General.

n 1978 he volunteered to become a cosmonaut and was selected as part of the fifth international programme for Intercosmos. His backup cosmonaut was Béla Magyari.Farkas, along with Soviet cosmonaut Valeri Kubasov, was launched into space on Soyuz 36 from Baikonur Cosmodrome on May 26, 1980, at 18:20 (GMT).While in orbit, Farkas conducted experiments in material science. After 7 days, 20 hours and 45 minutes, and having completed 124 orbits, Farkas and Kubasov returned to Earth, landing 140 km southeast of Jezkazgan. Bertalan Farkas was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on June 30,

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Dirk Dries David Damiaan,

Viscount Frimout

First Belgian in space  .

(Born 21 March 1941 in Poperinge, Belgium) is an astrophysicist for the European Space Agency. He flew aboard NASA Space Shuttle mision STS-45 as a payload specialist, making him the first Belgian in space.

Elementary School at Poperinge. Secondary School at Atheneum at Ghent, Belgium. Received an Engineer's degree in electrical engineering at University of Ghent in 1963; a PhD in applied physics from University of Ghent in 1970; post-doctorate at University of Colorado, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (ESRO fellJH

Frimout flew as a payload specialist on STS-45 Atlantis (24 March to 2 April 1992). STS-45 was launched from and returned to land at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. It was the first Spacelab mission dedicated to NASA's Mission to Planet Earth. During the nine-day flight, the crew aboard Atlantis operated the twelve experiments that constituted the ATLAS-1 and Science) cargo. . At mission conclusion, Frimout had traveled 3.2 million miles in 143 Earth orbits and logged over 214 hours in space.

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 NEPTUNE 


Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is the fourth-largest planet by diameter and the third-largest by mass. Among the gaseous planets in the solar system, Neptune is the most dense.

Radius: 24,622 km


Mass: 102.4E24 kg (17.15 Earth mass)


Surface area: 7,618,272,763 km²


Surface Temp : (- 200 ) degrees Celsius


Mass  : 102,440,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg (Earth:  5,973,700,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg )


Time to spin on Axis 16 hours, 6.5 minutes (Earth: 23 hours, 56 minutes )


Time to orbit the Sun : 164.79 Earth years or 60,190 days ( Earth: 365 days, 6 hours )


Diameter across equator : 49,528 km / 30,776 miles (Earth: 12,756 km / 7,926 miles )


Gravity (Earth = 1) : 1.1


Escape Velocity : 85,356 km/h / 53,038 mph (h Earth: 40,248 km/h / 25,009 mph )


Temperature at Cloud Tops : -216 °c / -357 °F / 57 K ( Earth's average temp: 15 °c / 59 °F / 288 K )


Contents of Atmosphere : Hydrogen, Helium, Methane 


Discovered: September 23, 1846


Moons: Triton, Nereid, Proteus, Larissa, Thalassa, Despina, Sao, Neso, Naiad, Galatea, Psamathe, Laomedeia, Halimede
Discoverers: Johann Gottfried Galle, Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, Urbain Le Verrier, John Couch Adams.


Neptune is about 4,500 million miles from the Sun and its orbit takes 165 Earth years.

 

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Discovery of Neptune :


The discovery of Neptune in Berlin in September 1846 was hailed as a triumph of theoretical astronomy, and the predictor, Urbain Le Verrier (Figure 1),1 was soon showered with honours. A crisis arose over the naming of the new sphere, finally requiring a consensus of European astronomers to agree. Its predictor, who had located it by theoretical calculations to within one degree, found himself in an emotional crisis and was strangely paralysed when asked for his opinion over what the name ought to be, while a plethora of classical names were propounded by other astronomers. When a consensus did finally start to emerge, it impinged upon the name which astronomers had given to another new planet, ‘Herschel’ (Uranus). Thee belated British claim to have co-predicted the new sphere, which took place in the months following its discovery,
also contributed to Le Verrier’s stress and the complications in agreeing upon a name.Concerning the name of the planet Uranus, discovered in 1781 by William Herschel, the annual French Connaissance des Temps called the new sphere ‘Herschel’ until 1813, when it changed over to the name,‘Uranus.’ The Royal Astronomical Society’s Monthly Notices had used the latter name from 1836, whereas the Nautical Almanac called it ‘The Georgian’ right up until 1851, when it finally switched over to ‘Uranus’.
The orbit of Uranus was calculated using Kepler's and Newton's laws. The calculations took several years. At that time computers were people who did the calculations and they had to be paid. French astronomer Alexis Bouvard undertook the task. He used both the modern observations from 1781, and also the early observations of Flamsteed in 1690, Bradley, Mayer in 1756, and Le Monnier. At least 22 observations of Uranus had been made from 1690 to 1772 but it had not been recognised as a planet. Bouvard found that he could not obtain an orbit which would fit all the sets of observations during that 130 years that he was able to obtain his data. There were two possibilities. One was that the earlier observational data was unreliable - some of Pierre Charles Le Monnier's records had been made on a paper bag that had contained his wig powder. The other possibility, was, since allowance had already been made for the influence of Jupiter and Saturn, that there must be another large planet beyond Uranus affecting its orbit and waiting to be discovered. If so, where was it.In 1841 a young Cambridge mathematics student, John Couch Adams, resolved to calculate the position of the unknown planet, but he did not have the time to apply himself to the task until 1843. By September 1845, he had a result that indicated the place in the sky where the missing planet could be found. He took his results to the Astronomer Royal George Biddel Airy, who had been his professor at Cambridge. Airy did not trouble himself to come to the door, but sent a message that he was at supper and could not be disturbed. Adams left his paper with the servant who put it away in Airy's study

Surface and containts :


Neptune is about 4,500 million miles from the Sun and its orbit takes 165 Earth years. Although it receives only about 1/900th as much sunlight as Earth, this is sufficent to significantly affect the planet's atmosphere with temperature variations consistent with seasonal changes. At present it is summer at Neptune's south pole which has been tilted towards the Sun for about 40 years. It has been discovered that the temperature there is about 10 degrees higher than the average temperature over the rest of Neptune which is minus 200 degrees Celsius. It is the warmer polar area that allows methane gas to seep out of the lower atmosphere to the surface. Neptune, like Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus, has a thick gassy atmosphere full of mainly hydrogen and helium. Below this are huge amounts of frozen material, possibly water and liquid ammonia. The planet also contains Methane which gives the planet a blue colour, like Uranus. Winds on Neptune can blow at speeds up to 2,000 kilometres an hour.

The giant blue planet, slightly smaller than Uranus at 49,500 kilometres wide (Uranus is 52,000 kilometres wide) takes 165 years to orbit the Sun, meaning that it never completes a complete journey around the Sun during the lifetime of anybody on Earth, and since its discovery, it has only orbited the Sun once. The completion of its first orbit was as recent as July 2011. It may surprise you to know that Earth, is the next biggest planet in the Solar System, but it could fit into Neptune 60 times.

 


NEPTUNE MOONS :

Triton :


Neptune's largest moon, discovered by Lassell in 1846, is 1350 ± 5 kilometres in radius with a density of 2.075 ± 0.019. Its orbit is retrograde which means that it travels in the opposite direction to most of the bodies in the solar system. Its orbit round Neptune is irregular in other ways. Normally a planet's satellites orbit parallel to its equator, but the orbit of Triton is at an angle of 21 degrees to Neptune's equator. This means that Triton is unlikely to have formed from a disc of material round Neptune, so it must have been an independent planet, a Kuiper object, much like Pluto, dragged into orbit round Neptune.Triton is pink and blue and it is geologically active with volcanos venting dust and gas. Part of the terrain has a young surface flooded with ice lava. Part of the surface is crisscrossed with faults, possibly grabens, that is sunken faults.
The surface temperature of Triton is very low - about 38K (water freezes at 273.15K, which is 0 degrees C). Triton is very bright - average albedo is 0.78. This is because the surface is covered by a pink methane and nitrogen frost. It has a polar cap of nitrogen ice which is probably seasonal. Triton has a thin nitrogen atmosphere, pressure 16 ± 3 m bar - a hundred thousandth of Earth's atmospheric pressure, but enough for thin clouds of nitrogen ice over the polar cap at a height of a few kilometres. The surface features on Triton are named after aquatic gods and places

Nereid


 was discovered in 1949 by Gerard Kuiper. Nereid is about 340 kilometres in diameter and is so far from Neptune that it requires 360 days to make one orbit. Nereid's orbit is the most eccentric in the solar system. Its distance to Neptune ranges from about 1,353,600 kilometres (841,100 miles) to 9,623,700 kilometres.The satellites discovered by Voyager 2 in 1989, are all very dark objects.



Naiad


 discovered by Voyager 2 in 1989, is about 54 kilometres in diameter and orbits Neptune every 7 hours and 6 minutes about 23,200 kilometres above the clouds. It is irregularly shaped. Naiad circles the planet in the same direction as Neptune rotates, and remains close to Neptune's equatorial plane.


Thalassa


 discovered by Voyager 2 in 1989, is about 80 kilometres in diameter. It orbits Neptune in 7 hours, 30 minutes about 25,200 kilometres above the cloud tops. It is irregularly shaped. Thalassa circles the planet in the same direction as Neptune rotates.


Despina


 discovered by Voyager 2 in 1989, is only 27,700 kilometres from Neptune's clouds, orbits every 8 hours. Its diameter is about 150 kilometres. It is irregularly shaped. Despina circles the planet in the same direction as Neptune rotates, and remains close to Neptune's equatorial plane.


Galatea


 discovered by Voyager 2 in 1989, is 37,200 kilometres from Neptune. It has a diameter of 180 kilometres and completes an orbit in 10 hours, 18 minutes. It is irregularly shaped, circles the planet in the same direction as Neptune rotates, and remains close to Neptune's equatorial plane.


Larissa 


 discovered by Voyager 2 in 1989, is about 48,800 kilometres from Neptune's clouds, and circles the planet in 13 hours, 18 minutes. Its diameter is about 190 kilometres. It is irregularly shaped, circles the planet in the same direction as Neptune rotates, and remains close to Neptune's equatorial plane.


Proteus


 discovered by Voyager 2 in 1989, reflects only 6 percent of the sunlight that strikes it. Proteus is about 400 kilometres in diameter. Proteus orbits Neptune at a distance of about 92,800 kilometres above the cloud tops, and completes one orbit in 26 hours, 54 minutes. Proteus is irregularly shaped, circles the planet in the same direction as Neptune rotates, and remains close to Neptune's equatorial plane.

 


Mission on Neptune :


Present Missions Voyager 2 (USA, 1977. Reached Neptune in 1989)




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Interesting facts about Neptune :


1] Neptune's moon, Triton, is slowly getting closer to Neptune. Eventually, it will get so close that it may get torn apart by Neptune's gravity and possibly form rings more spectacular than Saturn's. 


2] Triton orbits Neptune in the opposite direction to the planet's rotation. It is the only large moon in the Solar System to do this. 


3] Neptune sometimes orbits the Sun further away than Pluto. From 1979 to 1999, Pluto was closer to the Sun than Neptune. As Pluto was classified as a planet at the time, Neptune was then the ninth planet from the Sun.


4] Neptune has four faint rings. Some parts of these rings are brighter in areas than others and appear like arcs orbiting the planet. Maybe they are still forming. 


5] The coldest temperatures measured in the Solar System (-230°c) have been recorded on Neptune's moon, Triton.


6] Pluto, a dwarf planet which has an orbit which sometimes crosses Neptune's, may have been a moon of Neptune which escaped the planet's pull of gravity, but being prevented from escaping the Solar System by the gravitational pull of the Sun. 


7] Since its discovery in 1846, Neptune has completed only one full orbit of the Sun. In fact, it takes 165 years for the planet to go around the Sun.

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