Venus

Chris Austin Hadfield OOnt CD (born 29 August 1959) is a retired Canadian astronaut who was the first Canadian to walk in space. An Engineer and former Royal Canadian Air Force fighter pilot, Hadfield has flown two space shuttle missions and served as commander of the International Space Station.
Hadfield, who was raised on a farm in southern Ontario, was inspired as a child when he watched the Apollo 11 Moon landing on TV. He attended high school in Oakville and Milton and earned his glider pilot licence as a member of the Royal Canadian Air Cadets. He joined the Canadian Armed Forces and earned an engineering degree at Royal Military College. While in the military he learned to fly various types of aircraft and eventually became a test pilot and flew several experimental planes. As part of an exchange program with the United States Navy and United States Air Force, he obtained a master's degree in aviation systems at the University of Tennessee Space Institute.

John Bennett Herrington

(born September 14, 1958) is a retired United States naval aviator and former NASA astronaut. In 2002, Herrington became the first enrolled member of a Native American tribe to fly in space. (William R. Pogue is of Choctaw ancestry and was a crewman aboard Skylab 4 in 1973–74, but he is not an enrolled member of the Choctaw.

Selected by NASA in April 1996, Herrington reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 1996.

Herrington was born in Wetumka, Oklahoma. He grew up in Colorado Springs, Colorado, Riverton, Wyoming, and Plano, Texas, where he graduated from Plano Senior High School. He earned a bachelor's degree in applied mathematics from the University of Colorado Colorado Springs before receiving his commission in the United States Navy in 1984.

Mirosław Hermaszewski

(born September 15, 1941), is a retired Polish Air Force officer and cosmonaut. He became the first (and to this day remains the only) Polish national in space when he flew aboard the Soyuz 30 spacecraft in 1978.

n 1965, he graduated from the military pilot school in Dęblin. In 1978, he was chosen from almost 500 Polish pilots to take part in the Intercosmos space program. Together with Pyotr Klimuk, he spent almost eight days on board the Salyut 6 space station (from 17:27, June 27, 1978 'til 16:31, July 5). During their time in orbit, they carried out geoscience experiments and photographed the Earth.

They landed 300 km west of Tselinograd. He was awarded with the Hero of the Soviet Union title for that flight.

Claudie Haigneré

(formerly Claudie André-Deshays; born 13 May 1957 in Le Creusot, Saône-et-Loire) is a French doctor, politician, and former astronaut with the Centre National d'Études Spatiales (1985–1999) and the European Space Agency (1999–2002)

Born in Le Creusot, France, Haigneré studied medicine at the Faculté de Médecine (Paris-Cochin) and Faculté des Sciences (Paris-VII). She went on to obtain certificates in biology and sports medicine (1981), aviation and space medicine (1982), and rheumatology (1984). In 1986 she received a diploma in the biomechanics and physiology of movement. She completed her PhD thesis in neuroscience in 1992.

Haigneré was a back-up crew member for the 1993 Mir Altaïr mission in which her future husband Jean-Pierre Haigneré participated. The asteroid 135268 Haigneré is named in their combined honour. Haigneré visited the Mir space station for 16 days in 1996, as part of the Russian-French Cassiopée mission. In 2001, Haigneré became the first European woman to visit the International Space Station, as part of the Andromède mission. She retired from ESA on 18 June 2002

VENUS

Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. It has no natural satellite. It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty.

Radius: 6,052 km

Surface area: 460,234,317 km²

Mass: 4.867E24 kg (0.815 Earth mass)

Length of day: 116d 18h 0m

Distance from Sun: 108,200,000 km

Gravity: 8.87 m/s²

Mean radius :6051.8±1.0 km (0.9499 Earths)

Flattening0 Surface area :4.60×108 km2 (0.902 Earths )

Volume : 9.28×1011 km3 (0.866 Earths )

Mean density : 5.243 g/cm3

Surface gravity :8.87 m/s2 (0.904 g)

Escape velocity : 10.36 km/s

Sidereal rotation period : -243.0185 d (Retrograde)

Equatorial rotation velocity : 6.52 km/h (1.81 m/s)

Surface Temperature :737 K , Celsius 462 °C

Surface pressure : 92 bar (9.2 MPa)

Composition : 96.5% carbon dioxide
˜?3.5% nitrogen
0.015% sulfur dioxide
0.007% argon
0.002% water vapour
0.0017% carbon monoxide
0.0012% helium
0.0007% neon
trace carbonyl sulfide
trace hydrogen chloride
trace hydrogen fluoride

Age : average age of about 100 million years,[31] whereas the Venusian surface is estimated to be 300–600 million years old.

About venus

Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days.It has no natural satellite. It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. After the Moon, it is the brightest natural object in the night sky, reaching an apparent magnitude of -4.6, bright enough to cast shadows. Because Venus is an inferior planet from Earth, it never appears to venture far from the Sun: its elongation reaches a maximum of 47.8°. Venus reaches its maximum brightness shortly before sunrise or shortly after sunset, for which reason it has been referred to by ancient cultures as the Morning Star or Evening Star.Venus is a terrestrial planet and is sometimes called Earth's "sister planet" because of their similar size, gravity, and bulk composition (Venus is both the closest planet to Earth and the planet closest in size to Earth).

However, it has also been shown to be very different from Earth in other respects. It has the densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial planets, consisting of more than 96% carbon dioxide. The atmospheric pressure at the planet's surface is 92 times that of Earth's. With a mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System. It has no carbon cycle to lock carbon back into rocks and surface features, nor does it seem to have any organic life to absorb it in biomass. Venus is shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid, preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light. Venus may have possessed oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.The water has most probably photodissociated, and, because of the lack of a planetary magnetic field, the free hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the solar wind. Venus's surface is a dry desertscape interspersed with slab-like rocks and periodically refreshed by volcanism.
Much of the Venusian surface appears to have been shaped by volcanic activity. Venus has several times as many volcanoes as Earth, and it possesses 167 large volcanoes that are over 100 km across. The only volcanic complex of this size on Earth is the Big Island of Hawaii. This is not because Venus is more volcanically active than Earth, but because its crust is older. Earth's oceanic crust is continually recycled by subduction at the boundaries of tectonic plates, and has an average age of about 100 million years, whereas the Venusian surface is estimated to be 300–600 million years old.
Venus rotates extremely slowly, taking 243 days to turn on its axis. The planet takes 225 days to orbit around the Sun. So, a day on Venus is longer than its year! Venus is also the only planet in the Solar System to rotate clockwise (from East to West) meaning that the Sun rises in the West and settles in the East. This may suggest that Venus was once hit by an object in space which was powerful enough to disrupt its rotation. A few space missions have been attempted to land on Venus' surface (all of them Russian), and the successful ones have even taken pictures.

Atmosphere :

1] Its has extremely dense atmosphere ,which consist of mainly carbon Dioxide and small amount of nitrogen .
2] atmospheric mass is 93 time earth atmosphre and surface pressure is 92 times that at earth .
3] Venusian surface temperacture is 462 'C which is hotter than Mercury's .

Magnetic field :

Venera 4 (1967 )found the venusian magnetic field to be much weaker then Earth .The weak magnetosphere around Venus means that the solar wind is interacting directly with its outer atmosphere. Here, ions of hydrogen and oxygen are being created by the dissociation of neutral molecules from ultraviolet radiation. The solar wind then supplies energy that gives some of these ions sufficient velocity to escape Venus's gravity field.

Rotation :

Venus orbit sun at an average distance of about 0.72 AU and complete an orbit every 224.65 days .
Venus is the second planet from the Sun and it revolves round the Sun approximately 1.6 times (yellow trail) in Earth's 365 days (blue trail)

Mission on Venus :

1] USSR (Russia ):
Sputnik 7 (USSR, 1961), Verena 1 (USSR, 1961), Zond 1 (USSR, 1964), Venera 2 (USSR, 1965), Venera 3 (USSR, 1965), Venera 4 (USSR, 1967), , Venera 5 (USSR, 1969), Venera 6 (USSR, 1969), Venera 7 (USSR, 1970), Venera 8 (USSR, 1972), , Venera 9 (USSR, 1975), Venera 10 (USSR, 1975), Venera 11 (USSR, 1978), Venera 12 (USSR, 1978), Venera 13 (USSR, 1981), Venera 14 (USSR, 1981), Venera 15 (USSR, 1983), Venera 16 (USSR, 1983), Vega 1 (USSR, 1984), Vega 2 (USSR, 1984), Messenger (2004), Venera-D (Russia, 2016)etc.

2]USA ( America ):
Mariner 1 (USA, 1962), Mariner 2 (USA, 1962),Mariner 5 (USA, 1967),Mariner 10 (USA, 1973),Pioneer 12/Pioneer Venus 1 (USA, 1978), Pioneer 13/Pioneer Venus 2 (USA, 1978),Magellan (USA, 1989),Venus In-Situ Explorer (USA ),Surface and Atmophsere Geochemical Explorer (USA, 2016)etc.

3] Europe :
Venus Express (Europe, 2005), BepiColumbo (Europe, 2014)etc.

4] Japan :
Akatsuki (Japan, 2010)

Interesting facts about Venus :

1] Venus is always brighter than the brightest stars outside our solar system, as can be seen here over the Pacific Ocean .

2] Venus and Mercury are the only two planets in the Solar System not to have moons orbiting them .

3] Venus is the only planet in the Solar System to turn clockwise. All other planets turn anti-clockwise. It rotates clockwise on its axis extremely slowly, suggesting that something might have once collided with it to disrupt its regular rotation.

4] People once believed Venus to be two different stars known as the Morning Star and the Evening Star, because it can be seen in the morning and the evening.

5] The Americans have only ever landed one probe on Venus. This was Pioneer Venus 2, launched on 8th August 1978 which was to probe the planet's atmosphere, not examine its surface. All other landings on Venus were made by the Russians.

6] If you were able to stand on the surface of Venus, it would feel like being 1 kilometre under the sea on Earth, a depth deep enough to sink a submarine. A person or a creature would immediately be crushed by Venus' amazingly strong pressure.